This book presents selected topics on nanotechnological applications in the strategic sector of space. It showcases some current activities and multidisciplinary approaches that have given an unprecedented control of matter at the nanoscale and will enable it to withstand the unique space environment. It focuses on the outstanding topic of dual-use nanotechnologies, illustrating the mutual benefits of key enabling materials that can be used successfully both on earth and in space. It highlights the importance of the space as a strategic sector in the global economy, with an even increasing related businesses worldwide. In this light, a chapter is dedicated to the analysis of current and future markets for space-related nanotechnological products and applications.